Mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus / Atividades mosquitocidas do extrato de n-hexano de planta inteira de Chenopodium botrys contra Culex quinquefasciatus

This research aimed to investigate various mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole- plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract showed remarkable larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus. During the larvicidal and pupicidal activities, the 24-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of extract against 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and pupae were 324.6, 495.6 and 950.8 ppm, respectively. During the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay for adulticidal activity, the median knockdown times (KDT50) at 1.25% concentration was 123.4 minutes. During the filter paper impregnation bioassay for adulticidal activity, the KDT50 value at 0.138 mg/cm2 concentration was 48.6 minutes. The extract was fractionated into 14 fractions through silica gel column chromatography which were then combined into six fractions on the basis of similar retention factor (Rf) value. These fractions were screened for adulticidal activity by applying CDC bottle bioassay. The fraction obtained through 60:40 to 50:50% n-hexanes-chloroform mobile phase with 0.5 Rf value showed 100% adulticidal activity at 0.2% concentration. During oviposition deterrent activity, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) showed 71.3 ± 4.4% effective repellence and 0.6 ± 0.1 oviposition activity index. During adult emergence inhibition activity, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) value was 312.3 ppm. From the outcome of the present investigation, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of C. botrys whole- plant possesses strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar várias atividades mosquitocidas do extrato n-hexano de planta inteira de Chenopodium botrys contra Culex quinquefasciatus. O extrato mostrou atividades larvicida, pupicida, adulticida, dissuasora de oviposição e inibidora da emergência de adultos contra a Cx. quinquefasciatus. Durante as atividades larvicida e pupicida, a concentração letal de 24 horas (CL50) do extrato contra larvas de 2º estádio, larvas de 4º estádio e pupa foi de 324,6, 495,6 e 950,8 ppm, respectivamente. Durante o bioensaio com frasco do CDC (Centros para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças) para adulticida, o tempo médio de desativação (KDT50) na concentração de 1,25% foi de 123,4 minutos. Durante o bioensaio de impregnação com papel de filtro para a atividade adulticida do extrato, o valor KDT50 na concentração de 0,138 mg / cm2 foi de 48,6 minutos. O extrato foi fracionado em 14 frações através de cromatografia em coluna de gel de sílica que foram então combinadas em seis frações com base em um valor de fator de retenção (Rf) semelhante. Essas frações foram selecionadas quanto à atividade adulticida por meio da aplicação do bioensaio com garrafa do CDC. A fração obtida através da fase móvel de n-hexanos-clorofórmio 60:40% a 50:50% com valor de 0,5 Rf apresentou atividade adulticida de 100% na concentração de 0,2%. Durante a atividade de dissuasão da oviposição, a maior concentração de extrato (1000 ppm) apresentou repelência efetiva de 71,3 ± 4,4% e índice de atividade de oviposição de 0,6 ± 0,1. Durante a atividade de inibição da emergência de adultos, o valor médio de inibição da emergência (EI50) foi de 312,3 ppm. A partir do resultado da presente investigação, conclui-se que o extrato de n-hexano da planta inteira de C. botrys possui fortes atividades larvicida, pupicida, adulticida, dissuasora da oviposição e inibidora da emergência de adultos contra a Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus / Atividades mosquitocidas do extrato de n-hexano de planta inteira de Chenopodium botrys contra Culex quinquefasciatus

Abstract This research aimed to investigate various mosquitocidal activities of Chenopodium botrys whole- plant n-hexane extract against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract showed remarkable larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus. During the larvicidal and pupicidal activities, the 24-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of extract against 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and pupae were 324.6, 495.6 and 950.8 ppm, respectively. During the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) bottle bioassay for adulticidal activity, the median knockdown times (KDT50) at 1.25% concentration was 123.4 minutes. During the filter paper impregnation bioassay for adulticidal activity, the KDT50 value at 0.138 mg/cm2 concentration was 48.6 minutes. The extract was fractionated into 14 fractions through silica gel column chromatography which were then combined into six fractions on the basis of similar retention factor (Rf) value. These fractions were screened for adulticidal activity by applying CDC bottle bioassay. The fraction obtained through 60:40 to 50:50% n-hexanes-chloroform mobile phase with 0.5 Rf value showed 100% adulticidal activity at 0.2% concentration. During oviposition deterrent activity, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) showed 71.3 ± 4.4% effective repellence and 0.6 ± 0.1 oviposition activity index. During adult emergence inhibition activity, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) value was 312.3 ppm. From the outcome of the present investigation, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of C. botrys whole- plant possesses strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, oviposition deterrent and adult emergence inhibitory activities against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar várias atividades mosquitocidas do extrato n-hexano de planta inteira de Chenopodium botrys contra Culex quinquefasciatus. O extrato mostrou atividades larvicida, pupicida, adulticida, dissuasora de oviposição e inibidora da emergência de adultos contra a Cx. quinquefasciatus. Durante as atividades larvicida e pupicida, a concentração letal de 24 horas (CL50) do extrato contra larvas de 2º estádio, larvas de 4º estádio e pupa foi de 324,6, 495,6 e 950,8 ppm, respectivamente. Durante o bioensaio com frasco do CDC (Centros para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças) para adulticida, o tempo médio de desativação (KDT50) na concentração de 1,25% foi de 123,4 minutos. Durante o bioensaio de impregnação com papel de filtro para a atividade adulticida do extrato, o valor KDT50 na concentração de 0,138 mg / cm2 foi de 48,6 minutos. O extrato foi fracionado em 14 frações através de cromatografia em coluna de gel de sílica que foram então combinadas em seis frações com base em um valor de fator de retenção (Rf) semelhante. Essas frações foram selecionadas quanto à atividade adulticida por meio da aplicação do bioensaio com garrafa do CDC. A fração obtida através da fase móvel de n-hexanos-clorofórmio 60:40% a 50:50% com valor de 0,5 Rf apresentou atividade adulticida de 100% na concentração de 0,2%. Durante a atividade de dissuasão da oviposição, a maior concentração de extrato (1000 ppm) apresentou repelência efetiva de 71,3 ± 4,4% e índice de atividade de oviposição de 0,6 ± 0,1. Durante a atividade de inibição da emergência de adultos, o valor médio de inibição da emergência (EI50) foi de 312,3 ppm. A partir do resultado da presente investigação, conclui-se que o extrato de n-hexano da planta inteira de C. botrys possui fortes atividades larvicida, pupicida, adulticida, dissuasora da oviposição e inibidora da emergência de adultos contra a Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Elaboración de un pan libre de gluten a base de harina de cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) y evaluación de la aceptabilidad sensorial / Elaboration of a gluten-free bread based on cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) flour and sensory acceptability evaluation

Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) es un grano andino que está ganando interés como alternativas nutritivas sin gluten frente a los cereales convencionales de cara a las personas con trastornos relacionados al gluten. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue elaborar un pan libre de gluten a base harina de cañihua y evaluar su aceptabilidad sensorial. Se propusieron y elaboraron tres formulaciones en las que se variaron los porcentajes de harina de cañihua (7,6% 9,5% y 8,3%), almidón de yuca, (19%, 21% y 15,4%), suero de leche (3,8%) y goma xantán (0,6 y 1,2%). La formulación que contenía harina de cañihua (8,3%), almidón de yuca (15,4%), y goma xantán (1,2%) fue el que presentó mayor aceptabilidad (HC83). La composición proximal del pan de Cañihua mostró un contenido de proteínas (11,2%), grasa (11,2%) y fibra dietaría (4,74%). La evaluación sensorial por los consumidores celiacos mostró una aceptabilidad general de 4,6/5 puntos sobre la escala hedónica con una puntuación "me gusta mucho". En conclusión la harina de cañihua es un recurso adecuado y aceptable para los consumidores celiacos y puede utilizarse para la producción de panes.

Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a naturally gluten-free Andean grain that is gaining interest as a nutritious alternative to conventional cereals for people with gluten-related disorders. The objective of the present investigation was to elaborate a gluten-free bread formulation containing cañihua flour and evaluate its sensory acceptability. Three formulations were proposed that contained: cañihua flour (7.6% 9.5% and 8.3%), cassava starch (19%, 21% and 15.4%), whey (3.8%) and xanthan gum (0.6 and 1.2%). The results showed that the formulation containing cañihua flour (8.3%), cassava starch (15.4%) and xanthan gum (1.2%) obtained a satisfactory acceptability (HC83). The proximal analysis showed a protein content (11.2%), fat (11.2%), and dietary fiber (4.74%). The sensory evaluation by celiac consumers showed a general acceptability of 4.6/5 points on the hedonic scale with a score "I like it a lot". In conclusion, cañihua flour is a suitable source and acceptable for celiac consumers and can be used for the production of breads.

Importancia nutricional y actividad biológica de los compuestos bioactivos de quelites consumidos en México / Nutritional importance and biological activity of bioactive compounds from quelites consumed in Mexico

Sólo un 30% de los hogares en México, presentan seguridad alimentaria, es decir, un gran porcentaje de los hogares y por ende de la población no satisfacen las necesidades básicas diarias de macro y micronutrimentos. Los quelites, que se definen como plantas silvestres comestibles (hojas, tallos y flores) son una fuente accesible, continua, económica y adecuada de nutrimentos. Sin embargo, su consumo ha disminuido por modificaciones en las preferencias alimentarias, derivadas de los cambios en estilos de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue valorizar a los quelites como fuente de alimento. Los quelites, aportan proteínas, aminoácidos, minerales (Ca, Mg, Zn), vitaminas (E, C) y fibra. Además, son una excelente fuente de compuestos bioactivos, como ácidos fenólicos (ácido cafeico, ferúlico) y flavonoides (quercetina, kaempferol, espinacetina), carotenoides, ácido α-linolénico y betalainas, que presentan elevada actividad antioxidante. Su consumo habitual se ha relacionado con beneficios a la salud, tales como efectos antitumorales, antihiperlipidémicos y antidiabéticos. Los quelites, además de estar disponibles en forma silvestre, forman parte de las tradiciones culinarias de México, incorporados de forma cruda y cocida en los platillos regionales. Por lo tanto, la revalorización y reincorporación de los quelites en la dieta, puede coadyuvar a cubrir las necesidades nutrimentales, en poblaciones con poco acceso o inseguridad alimentaria, además de contribuir a proporcionar efectos adicionales a través de sus compuestos bioactivos.

Only 30% of households in Mexico present food security, which means a large percentage of households and the population does not meet their needs in terms of macro and micronutrients. Thus, quelites, which are defined as wild edible plants, are an accessible, continuous, economical and adequate source of nutrients. However, quelite consumption in Mexico has been decreasing in response to changes in food preferences and lifestyles, including increased exposure to hypercaloric foods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to discuss the value of quelites as a food source rich in nutrients, proteins, amino acids, minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn), vitamins (E, C) and fiber. We also discuss how quelites are good source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, spinacetin), carotenoids, α-linolenic acid and betalaines. There use have been mainly related to the anti-tumor, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic benefits. We further discuss topics related to the culinary traditions of Mexico and the incorporation of quelites in the raw and cooked form in regional markets. The revaluation and the reincorporation of quelites in the diet can help meet nutritional needs, in addition to possibly providing additional health benefits.

Comparison of Biological Activities of Korean Halophytes

Halophytes are expected to possess abundant secondary metabolites and various biological activities because of habitat in extreme environments. In this study, we collected 14 halophytes (Asparagus oligoclonos, Calystegia soldanella, Carex pumila, Chenopodium glaucum, Elymus mollis, Glehnia littoralis, Limonium tetragonum, Messerschmidia sibirica, Rosa rugosa, Salsola komarovii, Spergularia marina, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda maritima, and Vitex rotundifolia) native to Korea and compared their total polyphenol contents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The total polyphenol contents of R. rugosa (27.28%) and L. tetragonum (13.17%) were significantly higher than those of the other 12 halophytes and L. tetragonum, R. rugosa, and M. sibirica showed significantly greater antioxidant activities than the other 11 halophytes, as determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). A. oligoclonos, E. mollis, and C. pumila showed significantly greater anti-inflammatory activities than the other 11, as determined by NO (Nitric oxide) and PGE₂ (Prostaglandin E₂) levels. In contrast, these three extracts had normal and low total polyphenol contents among the 14 halophytes. Consequently, the total polyphenol content in the 14 studied halophytes appeared to be related to antioxidant, but not anti-inflammatory activity levels.

Cross-allergenicity between dandelion and major weed pollens

PURPOSE: The prevalence of pollinosis is increasing, and it is expected to increase further with climate change. Mugwort and ragweed pollens are well known as prevalent allergenic weed pollens in Korea. However, the clinical significance of dandelion pollen as an inhalant allergen has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance and cross-allergenicity between dandelion and major weed pollens. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma or with allergic rhinitis alone who were sensitized to dandelion pollens on skin prick tests (allergen/histamine ratio>3) were enrolled between December, 2012 and November, 2013. Serum specific IgE levels to dandelion pollen extracts were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA inhibition tests were performed to evaluate cross allergenecity with other weed pollens. RESULTS: When the positive cutoff value for serum specific IgE was set at the mean+/-3 standard deviation of absorbance values, 52 patients (53.6%) had a high serum specific IgE antibody level. ELISA inhibition tests showed significant inhibitions with serial addition of dandelion pollen extracts, and 5 different inhibition patterns were noted with addition of 4 weed pollen extracts: significant inhibitions with pollens of mugwort, ragweed, chenopodium and Hop J (25%, 13 of 52), inhibitions with pollens of mugwort, ragweed and chenopodium (17.3%, 9 of 52), inhibitions with 2 pollens of mugwort and ragweed (32.6%, 17 of 52), inhibitions with mugwort pollen (21.1%, 11 of 52), and inhibitions with dandelion pollen alone (4%, 2 of 52). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that dandelion pollen may be a causative inhalant allergen to induce pollinosis in the autumn season. Cross-allergenicity with other weed pollens showed individual differences; most patients had cross-reactivity with mugwort, ragweed, and chenopodium pollens, while some with Hop J pollen. Few patients were sensitized to dandelion pollen alone.

Actividad antituberculosa in vitro de los extractos etanólicos y agliconas de flavonoides de las especies: Grindelia boliviana Rusby (ch'iri ch'iri) y Chenopodium incisum Poir (Arq'a paiqo) sobre cepas de Micobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv / In vitro antituberculous activity of the ethanolic extracts and flavonoid aglycones of the species: Bolivian grindelia Rusby (ch'iri ch'iri) and Chenopodium incisum Poir (Arq'a paiqo) on strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

El presente trabajo de investigación fue realizado con el propósito de determinar la actividad antituberculosa in vitre de los extractos etanólicos y agliconas de flavonoides de las especies Grindelia boliviana Rusby (Ch'iri ch'iri) y Chenopodium incisum Poir. (Arq'a paiqo) frente a la cepa de Micobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. La investigación inicia con la recolección de las plantas, secado y molienda de las partes aéreas (hojas, tallos, flores y semillas) para luego ser extraída con solución de etanol al 70% por baño ultrasónico. Los extractos obtenidos se filtran y se depositan en un balón para ser concentrados, en el rotavapor a 40°C individualmente, posteriormente se realizaron las pruebas de solubilidad, identificación cualitativa de los metabolitos secundarios y porcentaje de extracción. Para la extracción de agliconas de flavonoides se tomó material vegetal seco de cada especie, realizándose la extracción con alcohol al 30% en baño ultrasónico, luego se filtró y centrifugó obteniéndose la fase acuosa de interés, los extractos así obtenidos fueron sometidos a una hidrólisis ácida con HCI 6N a la temperatura de 100°C a ebullición. El precipitado obtenido fue purificado en una columna de C-18, obteniéndose las agliconas de flavonoides los cuales fueron !dentificados por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Utilizando el método de proporciones de CANETTI, RIST Y GROSSET 1963, se procedió a comprobar la actividad antituberculosa in vitre de los extractos etanólicos y las agliconas de flavonoides, los cuales fueron incorporados al medio Lowenstein Jensen (MU) partiendo desde una concentración mínima hasta una concentración máxima. Luego se realizó el sembrado de las diluciones 10-3 mg/mL, 10-5 mg/mL y 10-6 mg/mL de Micobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, a los tubos con los medios de Lowenstein Jensen de los extractos etanólicos, como de las agliconas de flavonoides. Finalmente se lleva a la incubadora a 37°c y se espera los 42 días para hacer las lecturas respectivas. Los resultados mostraron: Para los extractos etanólicos. El extracto etanólico de Grindelia boliviana Rusby (Ch'iri ch'iri) presentó una buena actividad antituberculosa a partir de la concentración de 33 mg/mL que sería la CMI, respecto al Chenopodium incisum Poir (Arq'a paiqo) presentó una mejor actividad antimicobacteriana con una CMI de 29 mg/mL, lo cual le confiere una significativa actividad antituberculosa. Para las agliconas de flavonoides. Las agliconas de flavonoides de Grindelia boliviana Rusby (Ch'iri ch'iri) presentó una CMI de 2.8 mg/MI, dicha actividad podría deberse a la presencia de las agliconas de flavonoides que no fueron identificadas. Respecto a las agliconas de Chenopodium incisum Poir (Arq'a paiqo) también presentó una CMI en 2.8 mg/mL. En el análisis por HPLC se logró identificar la aglicona de flavonoide (kaempferol) por comparación con su respectivo estándar, probablemente este metabolito secundario sería el responsable de la actividad antituberculosa. A partir de los resultados presentados se realizó la prueba estadística de ANOVA y POS ANOVA (TUKEY) teniendo como variable independiente las diferentes concentraciones de los extractos y como variable dependiente la actividad antituberculosa cuya significancia es 0.00, el cual indica que existe una diferencia significativa entre las distintas concentraciones

Estudio genotóxico de una bebida experimental de quinua, kiwicha y kañiwa / Genotoxic study of an experimental drink of quinoa, kiwicha and kañiwa

La evaluación genotóxica de un producto es un paso importante para determinar su viabilidad para consumo humano. Se ha elaborado una bebida experimental a base de pseudocereales de alto valor nutricional como son quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.) y kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), preparada para inducir un posible efecto hipolipemiante en un grupo de personas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial genotóxico de esta bebida experimental mediante dos pruebas in vitro validadas por agencias internacionales. En la prueba de Ames se utilizaron las cepas TA98 y TA10 de Salmonella typhimurium, con y sin fracción microsomal (S9). Se evaluaron 4 dosis de bebida y además un posible efecto antimutagénico (mismas 4 dosis más mutágeno). Para la prueba de micronúcleos se usó cultivos de linfocitos con células binucleadas, en presencia de cinco dosis de la bebida. Ambas pruebas indican que la bebida estudiada en sus distintas dosis, no presenta efecto genotóxico. Sin embargo, en la evaluación del posible efecto protector de la bebida, se evidenciaría que por el contrario, se potencia el efecto mutagénico de los mutágenos empleados para cada cepa. Por lo tanto, es importante que esta bebida experimental sea sometida a pruebas adicionales in vitro e in vivo para evaluar el potencial genotóxico antes de su consumo.

[Allelopathic effects of harmal [peganum harmala L.] aqueous extract on seed germination and seedling growth of purslan [portulaca oleracea L.] and black weed [chenopodium album L.]]

The study of allelopathic properties of plants is one of up-to-date biological and ecological methods, which can lead to discover the bio-herbicides and growth inhibitors. In order to study the allelopathic effects of harmal [Peganum harmala L] on seed germination and seedling growth on purslan [Portulaca oleracea L.] and black weed [Chenopodium album L.], these experiments were conducted. The aqueous extracts of harmal different organs including capsule, leaf, stem and root were applied at five concentration levels [0 as control, 1, 5, 10 and 15%] through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that different organ extracts had different negative effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the two species in such a way that capsules extracts had the highest inhibitory effect. With increasing extract concentrations of harmal, the seed germination and seedling growth of the two species was reduced significantly. The minimum amount of seed germination and growth of the seedlings were observed at 15% extracts concentration of capsules. Also, purslan seedlings appeared to be more sensitive to harmal extracts than black weed seedlings. The aqueous extracts of harmal different organs had inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedlings growth of purslan and black weed. Also, the highest inhibitory effects were related to capsule extracts

[ study of the therapeutic effects of CpG oligonucleotides in Murine model of allergic asthma]

Augmentation of Th2 mediated responses such as elevation of serum IgE is the characteristic feature in atopy and asthma. CpG oligonucleotides [CpG ODN] have been used during the recent two decades as the potent immunomodulatory agents in allergic conditions. In this paper, we aim to report the anti-inflammatory effects of CpG ODN in murine model of asthma. In this study, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ch.a. allergen and then treated intranasally with CpG ODN. Following the challenge with allergen inhalation, mice were sacrificed and their splenocytes were cultured in the presence of antigen. After three days of culture, supernatants were examined for IFN-gamma levels by ELISA method, as an indication of Th1 response, and the results were compared with those in control mice without CpG therapy. The results indicate that the mice in the test group, which received CpG ODN, showed higher levels of systemic INF-gamma, and lower levels of serum IgE compared with either the antigen or CpG negative ODN-treated groups. Based on the results of this study, which shows higher INF-gamma levels in mice received CpG ODN, it can be concluded that CpG motifs have immune response modulation potential apparently through the deviation of Th2 into Th1 responses, which lead to a decrease in IgE antibody level. Accordingly, we suggest that these components can have therapeutic effects in the asthma caused by ch.a. allergen

Efecto de una dieta a base de harina tostada de cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) sobre el perfil lipídico en ratas albinas destetadas / Effect of a roasted Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) flour based diet on the lipid profile of albino weaned rats

La harina tostada de cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), conocida como cañihuaco, está asociada popularmente como una alternativa terapéutica a problemas de hipercolesterolemia. En el presente estudio se evaluaron durante 60 días 22 ratas albinas macho cepa Sprague dawley de 21 días de nacidas, destetadas, procedentes del CENAN (Centro Experimental Nacional en Alimentación y Nutrición), las cuales fueron distribuidas al azar en cuatro grupos. (a) Consumieron dieta control con caseína, (b) Consumieron dieta control con caseína por 30 días y con dieta cañihuaco por otros 30 días, (c) Consumieron dieta hipergrasa con manteca de palma por 30 días y dieta control con caseína por 30 días más, (d) Consumieron dieta hipergrasa por 30 días y dieta cañihuaco por otros 30 días más. Al inicio se les tomó análisis basal de colesterol total y fraccionado LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C y triglicéridos, repitiéndose a los 30 días y a los 60 días. Concluyéndose que el consumo de dieta cañihuaco en ratas que recibieron dieta hipergrasa tienen una probabilidad de que se incremente los niveles de HDL-C con el consumo de dieta cañihuaco de cinco veces mayor que si se consume dieta caseína. Asimismo, fue evidente el incremento de HDL-C en las ratas que consumieron dieta a base de cañihuaco.

Roasted Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule AelIen) flour (Chenopodium pallidicaule AelIen), a.k.a. cañihuaco, is popularly used as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia. In the present study, 22 weaned male albino Sprague Dawley rats, 21 days old coming from CENAN were distributed randomly in four groups and evaluated during 60 days. Rats from group (a) consumed control diet with casein, group (b) consumed control diet with casein for 30 days followed by cañihuaco diet for another 30 days. On group (c) they consumed a hyper greasy diet with palm butter for 30 days and control diet with case in for an extra 30 days and group (d) consumed hyper greasy diet for 30 days followed by cañihuaco diet for another 30 days. At the beginning of the experiment, basal analysis was taken to check total cholesterol and fractionated LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides, repeating the same tests after 30 and 60 days. From the results we can conclude that cañihuaco consumption on the diet of rats receiving the hyper greasy die has the probability of increasing HDL-C levels up to five times compared to the casein diet. Also, the increase of HDL-C levels on rats under the cañihuaco diet was evident.

Biological Control of Some Serious Weeds in Dakahlia District. II. Mycoherbicial Production and Physiological Host Responses

Four pathogenic fungal isolates belonging to different genera including Alternaria, Fusarium and Curvularia were isolated from selected diseased weeds growing in the fields in Dakahalia district. The inoculum of these pathogenic fungi specific to weeds were cultured, standardized and formulated as alginate pellets containing mycelium plus culture filtrate. These mycoherbicides were evaluated for disease severity (DS). Maximum DS was obtained with the alginate pellets of mycelium filtrate Fusarium solani. Physiological changes of the treated weed were determined 5 and 10 days after treatments. As compared to the healthy weeds, all mycoherbicide formulations significantly decreased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and subsequently soluble and insoluble sugars in the infected weeds. The mycoherbicide formulation of F. solani had the greatest effect on lowering to the abovementioned amount in the leaves of Chenopodium murale. Generally, treatment of weed leaves with the specific mycoherbicide led to a highly significant increase in total phenol content when compared to the healthy control weed. C. murale infected with the mycoherbicide formulation of F. solani had higher levels of phenolic compounds than those other treated weeds particularly after 10 days of inoculation.

Characterization and biological activities of Chenopodium leaf hemagglutinin (CLH).

A hemagglutinin (CLH) having native molecular mass of 58 kDa and subunit molecular mass of 33 kDa had been purified from the leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor. The protein agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes and no agglutination was observed with any of the groups A, B or O of human blood. The amino acid composition revealed that CLH was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and phenylalanine and also significant amount of methionine. The N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis showed that CLH had no homology with any of the plant hemagglutinins studied so far. It was inactive towards human peripheral blood cells but mitogenic for mouse spleen B-lymphocytes. CLH inhibited protein synthesis in rat thymocytes at high concentration. CLH did not inhibit TMV infection of leaves indicating absence of antiviral properties.

Purification and characterization of a hemagglutinin isolated from the leaves of Chenopodium (Chenopodium amaranticolor).

A hemagglutinin was isolated and purified from the leaves of Chenopodium (Chenopodium amaranticolor) using ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on fetuin-agarose matrix. It agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutinin had a native molecular mass of 58 kDa, as estimated by gel filtration and showed a single band of molecular mass of 33 kDa on SDS-PAGE. It showed hemagglutination activity over the pH range 3-12 and was found to be stable up to 70 degrees C. On isoelectrofocussing, the pI of this hemagglutinin was estimated to be 5.25. However, it was found to contain seven charge variants when isoelectrofocussing was performed in presence of 6M urea.